Physician Assisted Suicide Essay Example for Free

Physician Assisted Suicide Essay The controversy surrounding physician assisted suicide has dominated the public court for long drawing and evoking varying emotions whenever it arises. Not to be confused with euthanasia, physician assisted suicide refers to the act by doctors to provide a lethal injection to a patient at his or her request with an intention of terminating the patients life. It is closely related to euthanasia only that euthanasia can be carried out by doctors with or without the request of the patient. The debate on legalization of physician assisted suicide and its ethical appropriateness has at one time cropped up in most countries. It is always a sensitive topic to the policy makers and politicians thanks to the arguments and the counterarguments it attracts, pitting religious groups and the liberalists. Religious groups like the Catholic Church feel it is unethical and against God’s teachings and will. Liberalists believe it should be a personal choice and not to be left to the dictates of the politicians and religious fundamentalists. There are those too in the medical profession who see it as a grave violation of the professional requirements as vowed in the Hippocratic Oath. The Hippocratic oath refers to the oath made by medical practitioners vowing not to carry out any prescription that would jeopardize the life of a patient whether or not it is at the patients requestor not. Doctors are supposed to abide by this oath. This is an oath that owes its history to the pre-medieval period and may not have foreseen the sort of challenges facing patients, doctors and other stakeholders in the health provision sector. This is a debate that has reigned much in the 20th century and it is the high time it is put to rest. The position of this paper is that physician assisted death is an exercise of ones fundamental freedoms and allows a patient to die with dignity (Colesanto, 62). The activism towards legalizing physician assisted deaths dates back to the start of the 20th century. It is this period that would witness the rise and the formation of societies and organization whose intention was to agitate either for its legalization or for its complete legal prohibition. In spite of this decades’ long activism, in the United States for example, only the state of Oregon has legalized it. Other countries in the world with a clear law on its legalization are Netherlands and Belgium, which passed the law in 2002. In Switzerland, physician assisted deaths are legal but there is a strict demand for certification and a clear establishment of such a need. These countries have provided inspiration to the rest of the world and soon there is likely to be increased activism towards the enactment of such laws. This will give patients faced with extreme choices to make one last important choice regarding their life, choosing to terminate their sufferings or to continue wallowing in a miasma of immense pain in the face of a sure death. The much hullabaloo about the ethical acceptability of physician assisted suicide misses a very important point; it is neither moral nor immoral. It is a personal choice that should be given to every patient who certifies the minimum required conditions. What should be noted is that death under normal circumstances is never pleasurable, a decision to end life is made after hard considerations and in the knowledge that it is the only easy way out. Patients who make such hard choices are driven by the immense pain they are facing and with no respite in sight. That is the key reason why it is the patient that makes the call rather than the doctor. Wear notes that in assisted suicide, â€Å"the patient acts the part. † He further says that the choice to either take death or life in physically assisted suicide â€Å"rests fully with the patient in the sense that neither will take place without the patient’s desire† (87) This brings in an important point into the debate; choice. This is the key argument behind physician assisted deaths. They should be permitted in the respect of one fundamental freedom of making own choices regarding the direction of our lives especially faced with such insurmountable odds. It is the final freedom of choice to be exercised. A look at terminally ill patients leaves one with pity and grief at the pain some of them go through. Although there has been tremendous efforts brought forth by technology seeking to improving the conditions and the lifespan of these patients, it is apparent that they go through a lot of suffering. There is no known medication that can ease such pain. One noted complication id the feeling of breathlessness and suffocation experienced by a lot of terminally ill patients in their death bed. This is a complication that can not be alleviated through drugs and always leaves a patient with a feeling of helplessness. The bouts of pain that attacks such patients cannot be eased effectively through the use of medication. Patients have to brave through such suffering in the daunting knowledge that death is on the way. To such patients, it is without any doubt that death would be a welcome respite, and to know that they can have control of the hour that such a death would take place would be a great solace thanks to physician assisted death. Most hospices offering palliative care are filled with people living their last moments on earth. They are people who have failed to receive any improvements from the normal process of medication and some of them are meant to receive comfort in their last days on earth. It is important to note that many are in a vegetative state and no amount of medication, care and therapy can bring them back to their active life. They hence become a burden to their loved ones and to the society in general. Most of these, especially the aged are more than willing to die, they do not expect to hang on to life forever as John Hardwig notes, â€Å"to have reached the age of, say, seventy-five or eighty years without being ready to die is itself a moral failing, the sign of a life out of touch with lifes basic realities† (14) It goes without saying that anyone has reached such a point in time and is in a vegetative state requires a lot of attention from the spouse, family members and friends. He has to receive constant visitations and comfort to re assure him or her during the last moments. This inability to fend for oneself and the feeling that one is a burden to family members is degrading in itself and given a choice, majority would prefer death to such loss of dignity. This is where the concept of dying with dignity comes in. Though those who take an economic approach to this debate are accused of being mundane and hedonistic, it is an important issue that has to be tackled. Palliative care for terminally ill patients for example can be both financially and emotionally draining both to the patients and to the families’ savings. It is only a matter of time before the spouse or the family begins complaining of the huge bills and time that they commit to medication and care. Economics aside, this is usually an emotionally draining period, as Ackerman notes, â€Å"when this kind of care giving goes on for years, it leaves the care- giver exhausted, with no time for herself or life of her own†. 5) The amount of money spent during this period can eat up into the family’s savings and jeopardize the lives of those that are healthy. It has to be understood that the rest of the members have other obligations and plans such as bills and college fees. It is not prudent hence to continue paying for the care of a person who is willing to die rather than commit such funds to a more fulfilling venture with long term implications. In such a case, phy sician assisted suicide is the only way out. There is however lots of people who are opposed to physician assisted deaths. They cite various reasons such as ethics and the importance of human life over money and that it is against their religious teachings. One major argument is that legalization of physician assisted death will result into a devaluation of life (Low 37). It is true that there has to be effective laws in place to regulate the useless taking of people’s lives, to ensure that people do not end other people’s lives just because they feel like. However, when it comes to terminally ill and suffering patients beyond any medical salvage, the issue of devaluation of life does not come into play. They are suffering and death is fast coming, why not let them make that one important decision that will put a stop to their suffering? It is apparent that this debate has ranged on for long. Each time it is mentioned though, its benefits are more glaring than its disadvantages. It is an important way of easing the suffering of terminally ill patients by given them a chance to exercise their one final choice regarding their lives. This is a practice that eases both the patients’ and the family members’ economic and emotional strain.

A Review Paper of Internet Banking Services -- internet banking, bankin

Today, Information Technology revolutionized our life almost in every filed. One of among several blessing of information technology is Internet Banking services that brings ease and comfort for our banking activities. Over few years Internet Banking has evolved as convenient, self-serviced technology, cost-reducing and time saving channel. Internet banking is available 24x7 across geographies. In last few years, the number of internet banking users has been increasing rapidly. In present hyper competitive environment internet banking works as a competitive differentiator among banks. Internet banking has become an important revenue builder for banks. Increased competition in the banking sector and customer demand is forcing banks to provide their services online (Southard, P. & Siau, K, 2004). Banks try to gain competitive advantages in technological atmosphere by adopting new technological developments in their area as soon as possible (Ozcan, 2007; Chang 2002). Information technology developments in the banking sector have speed up communication and transactions for clients. It is vital to extend this banking feature to clients for maximizing the advantages for both clients and service providers (Safeena, Abdullah and Hema, 2010, 2011; Qureshi et al, 2008). In the past, internet banking has been adopted by banks mainly to decrease costs and increases revenue by reducing staff and branch networks. Today, banks are visualizing the internet banking as a strategic enabler of customer services and others view internet banking as the key to expansion. Internet banking has gained acceptance throughout the world as a new delivery channel for performing various banking and financial activities. Internet Banking is an internet portal,... ...ility of technology and infrastructure to support the new model of banking. Second, the need for Internet banking itself – Internet Banking or an efficient system of instantaneous banking or convenient banking. Third, an adequate mechanism to tackle the security risk and operational risk aspects (Sharma, 2001). Fourth, a proper legal framework to take care of the rights and obligation of the consumers. While most of these issues have been somewhat addressed, an important issue still remains - what existing and potential consumers feel about Internet banking and on the basis of this how an appropriate banking model can be developed in Indian context. (Sharma B.R., 2001; Gupta P.K., 2008). Perceived Factors behind the Growth in Internet Banking: †¢ Competition †¢ Cost Efficiencies †¢ Geographical Reach †¢ Branding †¢ Relationship building †¢ Customers Demographics

The History Of The Curriculum Theory Education Essay

You have been assigned to a low-performing in-between school campus. Your overseer has requested that you make alterations in the school course of study to increase pupil accomplishment. Describe your program of action to increase pupil accomplishment degrees at this in-between school. Describe and discourse how the informal and concealed course of study impact and alter the formal course of study? Provide specific illustrations. Include parental outlooks and prohibitions as portion of the informal course of study. What constructs about course of study are present in the heads of pedagogues in a school with which you are familiar? Historically, instruction has played a major function in determining the lives of all persons. Curriculum theory has continually evolved and, there has ever been a conflict to better and spread out the course of study. Several inquiries that plague pedagogues today are â€Å" Which course of study should we follow? † and â€Å" What cognition is of most deserving? † . There are a battalion of course of study theories that help pedagogues understand the construct of pupil acquisition and accomplishment. This chapter is an effort to expose pedagogues to the diverse course of study theories that influence today ‘s educational system.What is course of study?From a historical position, course of study is any papers or program that exists in a school or school system that defines the work of instructors. This program guides pedagogues in placing the content of the stuff to be taught. Many work programs may dwell of text editions, resource stuffs, or range and sequence c harts. â€Å" The intent of a course of study is non to abandon organisational boundaries but to enable the organisation to map within those boundaries more efficaciously and, over clip more expeditiously † ( English and Larson, 1996 ) . â€Å" A course of study can carry through these ends by: ( 1 ) clear uping organisational boundaries ; ( 2 ) specifying the nature of the work to be done ; ( 3 ) associating the major undertakings to be accomplished to one another within the entire work procedure or work flow ( coordination ) ; ( 4 ) shaping criterions by which work is to be measured or assessed ; ( 5 ) specifying rating processs by which work consequences can be compared to work performed ; ( 6 ) devising alterations in the work performed through feedback ; and ( 7 ) reiterating the above stairss in order to accomplish a higher degree of work public presentation on a consistent footing † ( English and Larson, p.24 ) . There are at least three different types of course of study in schools: formal course of study, informal course of study, and concealed course of study The formal course of study normally appears in province ordinances, course of study ushers, or officially sanctioned range and sequence charts. The formal course of study is what will be found in instructor ‘s lesson programs. The informal course of study represents the unofficial facets of planing or presenting the course of study. This type of course of study involves the subtle but of import personality traits that a instructor interacts with the kid – positively or negatively. Informal course of study contains those things that we teach that are unplanned and self-generated. The concealed course of study is non recognized at schools. It deals with outlooks and premises. These are instructions, which are presented to pupils but are non consciously received by them. Hidden course of study can be destructive, negative and insurgent, or it can be constructive, desirable and positive. Tanner describes this as the collateral course of study. Tanner stresses that collateral acquisition is in the manner of formation of digesting attitudes, of likes and disfavors, may be and frequently more of import that the spelling lesson in geographics or history that is learned ( Tanner,1995 ) .Curriculum Alignment TheoryCurriculum alliance is an of import scheme necessary to heighten academic accomplishment degrees of all pupils. Because of high bets proving, pupils need to be prepared to go through province tests. Fenwick English, a prima advocate of course of study alliance, maintains that there is an interrelatedness between the tried course of study, taught course of study and written course of study. When all three are working together, the relationship is called â€Å" tight † . In order to bring forth optimal educational consequences, stairss must be taken to aline the written course of study ( found in text editions, course of study ushers and supports resources ) , the taught course of study ( instructors ‘ lesson programs ) and the tested co urse of study ( TAAS, ITBS, SAT, etc. ) Fenwick English describes course of study as a papers of some kind, and its intent is to concentrate and link the work of schoolroom instructors in schools ( 1992 ) . School territories tend to buy text editions that are normally non aligned to the course of study or province trials. This presents a job. Focus and connectivity are lost. Curriculum articulation ( Vertical Teaming ) refers to the focal point and perpendicular connectivity in a school or school system. Several design and bringing issues originate associating to curriculum articulation. In design, instructors must specify in the work program the needed degrees of focus/connectivity desired to optimise pupil public presentation vertically. In bringing, plan monitoring is indispensable to guarantee design unity vertically ( English, 1992 ) . Last, if what is tested is non being taught nor addressed in stuffs used by pupils, trial tonss and related educational results will non make the outlooks of the pupils, instructors, decision makers, parents, and the populace. In an epoch of answerability, course of study alliance offers pupils an chance to go successful. In Allan Glatthorn ‘s book The Principal as Curriculum Leader, he presents a six- measure course of study procedure that aids in alliance: ( 1 ) Plan the undertaking. A commission should be appointed to supervise the undertaking. The commission members must be trained in the alignment procedure. ( 2 ) Focus the course of study. The course of study should concentrate on the territory ‘s aims. ( 3 ) Analyze the trials. Grade degree squads should analyse trial informations. This scheme would let instructors to bespeak which of the command aims are more likely to be tested. ( 4 ) Analyze the text. Teachers should analyse where the command aims are explained in the text. ( 5 ) Measure the consequences. The commission should reexamine and discourse all the consequences, observing countries needed to be improved. ( 6 ) Use the consequences. Complete alliance charts. Teachers should utilize the command objectives to develop annually and unit programs that guarantee equal interven tion of all aims. Aims tested should hold precedence and objectives non tested should hold 2nd precedence ( Glatthorn, 1997 ) . Quality Control in Curriculum Quality control refers to a uninterrupted procedure or organisational autonomy and development that addition organisational effectivity. Three cardinal ingredients that must be present are 1 ) a work criterion, 2 ) work appraisal, and 3 ) activity. As all these elements become congruent, work public presentation in an organisation in improved. Multiple Intelligence Theory Howard Gardner has created the theory of Multiple Intelligences. He maintains that most school systems frequently focus on a narrow scope of intelligence that involves chiefly verbal/linguistic and logical/mathematical accomplishments. While cognition and accomplishments in these countries are indispensable for lasting and booming in the universe, he suggests that there are at least six other sorts of intelligence that are of import to fuller human development and that about everyone has available to develop. They include, visual/spatial, bodily/kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, naturalist and intra-personal intelligence. Gardner believes that the eight intelligences he has identified are independent, in that they develop at different times and to different grades in different persons. They are, nevertheless, closely related, and many instructors and parents are happening that when an single becomes more adept in one country, the whole configuration of intelligence may be enhanced . The undermentioned philosophic theories examine course of study from a wide position that includes all of the scholar ‘s experiences to the more restricted position that sees it as academic capable affair. ( 1 ) Idealist Curriculum Theory – This theory was prevailing during the yearss of Plato. Idealists viewed course of study as a organic structure of rational capable affair and learned subjects that are conceptional and conceptual. Mathematics, history and literature for case were ranked really high. The overruling end of Idealist instruction was to promote pupils to be searchers of truth. ( 2 ) Realist Curriculum Theory – Aristotle founded Realism. Realist course of study maintains that the most effectual and efficient manner to happen out about world is to analyze it through consistently organized capable affair subjects. Realist course of study involves direction in the countries of reading, authorship, and calculation. Deriving cognition through research met hods are stressed. ( 3 ) Naturalist Curriculum Theory – The Naturalists position of course of study differed from the earlier theoreticians. Learning should actively affect kids in covering with the environment, utilizing their senses, and work outing jobs. Naturalists maintained that echt instruction is based on the preparedness and demands of the human being. ( 4 ) Pragmatic ( Experiential ) Curriculum Theory- This course of study theory attacks larning through sing. The kid ‘s involvements, demands and experiences are taken into consideration. ( 5 ) Existentialist Curriculum Theory – The course of study includes the accomplishments and topics that explain physical and societal world. â€Å" The important acquisition stage is non in the construction of cognition, nor in curricular organisation but instead in the pupil ‘s building of its significance ( Gutek, 120 ) † . ( 6 ) Conservatism Curriculum Theory – The course of study should convey the general civilization to all and supply appropriate instruction to the assorted strata in society. This course of study included the basic accomplishments found in most school plans – reading, authorship, and math.Personal Practical KnowledgeIn his work, Personal Knowledge, Michael Polanyi demonstrates that the scientist ‘s personal engagement in the prod uction of cognition is an indispensable portion of the scientific discipline itself. â€Å" Even the exact scientific disciplines, â€Å" knowing is an art, of which the accomplishment of the apprehender, guided by his personal committedness and his passionate sense of increasing contact with world, is a logically necessary portion † . Polanyi describes, â€Å" cognizing † in the art of siting a motorcycle. In this description he states that the rule by which the bicycler keeps his balance is known, but the cognition is in the â€Å" making † . Key Concepts Accountability – This term refers to keeping schools and instructors responsible for what pupils learn. Content- A word used to place the course of study and divide it from school direction. Criterion-Referenced Test – Measures of public presentation compared to predetermined criterions or aims. Core/Fused Curriculum – Integration of the two or more topics ; for illustration, English and societal surveies. Problem and subject orientations frequently serve as the integration design. Curriculum -Curriculum is any papers or program that exists in a school or school system that defines the work of instructors. Curriculum Alignment – A connectivity between what is tested, taught and written. Curriculum Compacting – Content development and bringing theoretical accounts that abbreviated the sum of clip to cover a subject without compromising the deepness and comprehensiveness of stuff taught. Curriculum Development – A procedure whereby picks in planing a learning experience for pupils are made and activated through a set of co-ordinated activities. Curriculum Guide – A written statement of aims, content, and activities to be used with a peculiar topic at specified class degrees ; normally produced by province sections or local educational bureaus. Curriculum Management Planning – A systematic method of be aftering for alteration. Formative Evaluation – Student accomplishment is monitored throughout the school twelvemonth. This will be done through pupil /teacher conferences, departmental meetings, curriculum manager monitoring and conferences. Feedback and suggestions for betterment will be considered. Knowing in Action – This construct refers to the kinds of know-how we reveal in our intelligent action. By detecting and reflecting in our actions, we make cognizing in action implicit. We reveal it in a self-generated mode ; and we are unable to set it in words ( Schon, p. 25, 1987 ) . Performance Objective – Targeted outcome steps for measuring the acquisition of peculiar procedure based accomplishments and cognition. Sequence – The organisation of an country of survey. Frequently, the organisation is chronological, traveling from simple to complex. Staff Development – Body of activities designed to better the proficiencies of the pedagogue practician. Subject-Content – The type of course of study that stresses the command of capable affair, with all other results considered subordinate. Summational Evaluation – Teachers and pupils will reflect on the course of study procedure. Met and unmet ends and aims will be discussed at length. Improvements and polishs will be based on the summational rating Tacit Knowledge – Tacit cognition is â€Å" cognizing in action † . To go adept in the usage of this tool is to larn to appreciate, straight and without immediate logical thinking, the qualities of the stuff that we apprehend through the silent esthesis of the tool in our manus ( Schon, p. 25, 1987 ) . Curriculum Websites – The undermentioned sites provide information on course of study and the course of study alliance procedure.

Chronology of Major Events in the 1830s

This decade of the 1800s featured several significant events in America and across the globe: a steam locomotive raced a horse,  the U.S. President beat up  the man who tried to assassinate him,  Darwin visited  the Galapagos, and a tragic siege at the Alamo became legendary. The history of the 1830s was marked by railroad building in America, Opium Wars in Asia, and the ascension to the British throne of Queen Victoria. 1830 May 30, 1830: The Indian Removal Act was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson. The law led to the relocation of Native Americans which became known as the Trail of Tears.June 26, 1830: King George IV of England died and William IV ascended to the throne.August 28, 1830: Peter Cooper raced his locomotive, the Tom Thumb, against a horse. The unusual experiment proved the potential of steam power and helped to inspire the building of railroads.December 10, 1830: American poet Emily Dickinson was born in Amherst, Massachusetts. 1831 January 1, 1831: William Lloyd Garrison began publishing The Liberator, an abolitionist newspaper, in Boston, Massachusetts. Garrison would become one of Americas leading abolitionists, though he was often derided as someone on the fringe of society.July 4, 1831: Former president James Monroe died in New York City at the age of 73. He was buried in a cemetery in the East Village. His body was exhumed and taken back to his native Virginia in 1858, in a ceremony partly intended to calm tensions between North and South. MPI / Getty Images August 21, 1831: A slave rebellion led by Nat Turner broke out in Virginia.Summer 1831: Cyrus McCormick, a Virginia blacksmith, demonstrated a mechanical reaper which would revolutionize farming in America and eventually worldwide.September 21, 1831: The first American political convention was held in Baltimore, Maryland by the Anti-Masonic Party. The idea of a national political convention was new, but within years other parties, including the Whigs and the Democrats began holding them. The tradition of political conventions has endured into the modern era.November 11, 1831: Nat Turner was hanged in Virginia.December 27, 1831: Charles Darwin sailed from England aboard the research ship H.M.S. Beagle. While spending five years at sea, Darwin would make observations of wildlife and collect samples of plants and animals which he brought back to England. 1832 January 13, 1832: American author Horatio Alger was born in Chelsea, Massachusetts.April 1831: The Black Hawk war began on the American frontier. The conflict would mark the only military service of Abraham Lincoln.June 24, 1832: A cholera epidemic which had ravaged Europe appeared in New York City, causing enormous panic and prompting half the citys population to free to the countryside. Cholera was closely linked to polluted water supplies. As it tended to occur in poor neighborhoods, it was often blamed on immigrant populations.November 14, 1832: Charles Carroll, the last living signer of the Declaration of Independence, died in Baltimore, Maryland at the age of 95.November 29, 1832: American author Louisa May Alcott was born in Germantown, Pennsylvania.December 3, 1832: Andrew Jackson was elected to his second term as president of the United States. 1833 March 4, 1833: Andrew Jackson took the oath of office as president for the second time. Hulton Archive / Getty Images Summer 1833: Charles Darwin, during his voyage aboard H.M.S. Beagle, spends time with gauchos in Argentina and explores inland.August 20, 1833: Benjamin Harrison, future president of the United States, was born in North Bend, Ohio.October 21, 1833: Alfred Nobel, inventor of dynamite and sponsor of the Nobel Prize, was born in Stockholm, Sweden. 1834 March 27, 1834: President Andrew Jackson was censured by the U.S. Congress during a bitter disagreement over the Bank of the United States. The censure was later expunged.April 2, 1834: French sculptor Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi, creator of the Statue of Liberty, was born in the Alsace region of France.August 1, 1834: Slavery was abolished in the British Empire.September 2, 1834: Thomas Telford, British engineer, designer of the Menai Suspension Bridge and other noteworthy structures, died in London at the age of 77. 1835 January 30, 1835: In the first assassination attempt on an American president, a deranged man shot at Andrew Jackson in the rotunda of the U.S. Capitol. Jackson attacked the man with his walking stick and had to be pulled back. The failed assassin was later found to be insane.May 1835: A railroad in Belgium was the first railroad on the continent of Europe.July 6, 1835: United States Chief Justice John Marshall died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania at the age of 79. During his tenure, he had made the Supreme Court into a powerful institution.Summer 1835: A campaign to mail abolitionist pamphlets to the South led to mobs breaking into post offices and burning the anti-slavery literature in bonfires. The abolitionist movement changed its tactics and began seeking to speak out against slavery in Congress.September 7, 1835: Charles Darwin arrived at the Galapagos Islands during his voyage aboard H.M.S. Beagle.November 25, 1835: Industrialist Andrew Carnegie was born in Scotland.November 30, 1835: Samuel Clemens, who would achieve enormous fame under his pen name, Mark Twain, was born in Missouri.December 1835: Hans Christian Andersen published his first book of fairy tales. Kean Collection / Getty Images December 15 to 17, 1835: The Great Fire of New York destroyed a large part of lower Manhattan. 1836 January 1836: The siege of the Alamo began at San Antonio, Texas.January 6, 1836: Former president John Quincy Adams, serving in Congress, began trying to introduce petitions against slavery in the House of Representatives. His efforts would lead to the Gag Rule, which Adams fought for eight years.February 1836: Samuel Colt patented the revolver.February 24, 1836: American artist Winslow Homer was born in Boston, Massachusetts.March 6, 1836: Battle of the Alamo ended with the deaths of Davy Crockett, William Barret Travis, and James Bowie.April 21, 1836: Battle of San Jacinto, the decisive battle of the Texas Revolution, was fought. Troops led by Sam Houston defeated the Mexican Army.June 28, 1836: Former U.S. president James Madison died in Montpelier, Virginia at the age of 85.September 14, 1836: Former U.S. Vice President Aaron Burr, who killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel, died in Staten Island, New York, at the age of 80.October 2, 1836: Charles Darwin arrived in England after s ailing around the world aboard H.M.S. Beagle.December 7, 1836: Martin Van Buren was elected President of the United States. 1837 March 4, 1837: Martin Van Buren took the oath of office as president of the United States.March 18, 1837: U.S. President Grover Cleveland, was born in Caldwell, New Jersey.April 17, 1837: John Pierpont Morgan, American banker, was born in Hartford, Connecticut.May 10, 1837: The Panic of 1837, a major financial crisis of the 19th century, began in New York City.June 20, 1837: King William IV of Great Britain died at Windsor Castle at the age of 71.June 20, 1837: Victoria became Queen of Great Britain at the age of 18.November 7, 1837: Abolitionist Elijah Lovejoy was murdered by a pro-slavery mob in Alton, Illinois. 1838 January 4, 1838: Charles Stratton, better known as General Tom Thumb, was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut.January 27, 1838: In one of his earliest speeches, Abraham Lincoln, at the age of 28, delivered a public address to a lyceum in Springfield, Illinois.May 10, 1838: John Wilkes Booth, American actor and assassin of Abraham Lincoln, was born in Bel Air, Maryland.September 1, 1838: William Clark, who with Meriwether Lewis had led the Lewis and Clark Expedition, died in St. Louis, Missouri at the age of 68.Late 1838: The Cherokee Tribe was forcibly moved westward in what became known as the Trail of Tears. 1839 June 1839: Louis Daguerre patented his camera in France.July 1839: A slave rebellion broke out aboard the ship Amistad.July 8, 1839: John D. Rockefeller, American oil magnate and philanthropist, was born in Richford, New York.December 5, 1839: George Armstrong Custer, American cavalry officer, was born in New Rumley, Ohio.